Pine Carpet

Pennithera firmata

This record describes Pennithera firmata (species). Recorded family: Geometridae. Recorded order: Lepidoptera.

Identification and Appearance

Wingspan 30 to 34 mm. Although variable in appearance, it is often reddish brown in colour. It may bear a resemblance to the closely related Grey Pine Carpet (Thera obeliscata), but has a more indented dark band on the forewing. Determination by gen det may be needed for this species, especially for worn examples. Where its foodplant, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) occurs. It has quite a long emergence period, and can be found on the wing from late July to November. Found locally throughout Britain. In a recent survey to determine the status of all macro moths in Britain this species was classified as common.

Classification

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Geometridae
Genus: Pennithera

Imported taxonomy record. Source availability varies; see the source references and editorial policy below.

Habitat and Range

Habitat

Where its foodplant, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) occurs.

Diet and Behavior

Life History

It has quite a long emergence period, and can be found on the wing from late July to November.

Additional species information

Recorded status

Found locally throughout Britain. In a recent survey to determine the status of all macro moths in Britain this species was classified as common.

About Butterflies and Moths: the wider group

Order-level background for Lepidoptera, the group containing Pennithera firmata. Species-specific details appear above.

Group overview

Lepidoptera includes approximately 180,000 described species of butterflies and moths. Moths outnumber butterflies roughly 10:1. The monarch butterfly's eastern population has declined by more than 80% since the mid-1990s, and the western population by over 95% since the 1980s. The IUCN lists the migratory monarch as Vulnerable.

Ecological role of the group

Butterflies and moths are essential indicators of ecosystem health. As caterpillars, they are a primary food source for birds - a single nest of blue tit chicks requires ~10,000 caterpillars. Adult moths pollinate many night-blooming plants.

Economic and practical significance of the group

Lepidoptera are critical pollinators. In Europe, grassland butterfly species have declined by almost 50% since the early 1990s. In the UK, three-quarters of butterflies are in decline. In the U.S., five butterfly species have gone extinct since 1950, with 29 listed as endangered.

Recorded sources for this group: IUCN Red List, Xerces Society, USFWS, PNAS, WWF. Imported estimates may describe particular regions or reporting periods.

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